Changing the image in Research

August 8th, 2009

ff1One of the biggest challenges currently facing the scientific community is to share the fruits of their work to the rest of society. Society today demands the dissemination of research and looks at the achievements, need to know how to go back to your own health or life research outcomes.

Although the scientific community and the rest of society tend to live apart from one another, there is a growing interest and increased participation of the latter by the former. The gradual rapprochement between the two is reflected by the amount of specialized news and information that proliferate in print, radio and television. Today it is common for people outside the scientific know and discuss the latest advances in research, health sciences, astronomy and so on.

madscientistPhotography and image are suitable tools to help bridge this distance, serving as a bridge connecting with the immediacy of the image to convey concepts, and the undoubted beauty of many images in the scientific field. Also, from the pedagogical point of view, the images in science will bring the school to another reality that is almost always known by their limited distribution.

Map of nuclear power in France

August 22nd, 2010

centrales-nucleiaresWith 58 reactors in 19 power plants, France is ranked first among the
European nuclear power and second in the world behind the U.S., which account
for 104 nuclear reactors.

76.9% of the electricity in France comes from nuclear. But it represents only
17% of total French energy.

Overview of the 19 French nuclear plants still operating.

centrale-bellevilleThe plant is located in Belleville Lere in the Cher. Built in 1980, this
nuclear facility was commissioned in 1988-1989. With two Pressurized Water
Reactors (PWR) with an output of 1,300 megawatts (MW), the Belleville site was
produced in 2008, according to EDF, close of 16.03 billion kWh or 4% of national
production electricity from nuclear sources.

The site was not chosen at random. The proximity of the Loire allows to pump the
water needed for cooling facilities. According to the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA), the site should not stop his activity before 2025.

centrale-blayaisLocated 60 km from Bordeaux on the Gironde estuary, the nuclear Blayais
covers an area of 8000 hectares in the heart of a swamp. The plant operates with
4 REP 900 MW. The waters of the Gironde, collected via submarine pump, cool the
reactors.

Commissioning June 21, 1981, the plant supplies the Aquitaine region in nuclear
power. In 2008 it produced 27.8 billion kwh which is 1.5 times the annual needs
of its region with electricity.

Highly exposed to risk of flooding, the site should undergo Blayais work to
improve internal and external protections

centrale-bugeyThe plant located 40 km east of Lyons employs about 1,200 people. It covers
100 hectares near the Rhone. The river cools PWR; aéoréfrigérantes towers
measuring 128 meters high.

The site produces a year about 25 billion kWh which is roughly 40% of the
electricity consumption of the Rhone-Alpes. Should be 5.3 million tonnes of oil
to satisfy this demand for energy.

centrale-cattenomThe central nuclear electricity production (NPP) is Cattenom nuclear site
located near the borders of Germany and Luxembourg, 5 km from Thionville in
Lorraine.

The plant is equipped with four powerful engines of 1300 MW each. Each year they
produce 35 billion KWh which is about 8% of national electricity production, EDF.
Cattenom is so central to the 7th World

The Moselle River supplies water to the center so as to cool the reactors. The
artificial lake Mirgenbarch (Cattenom) and Pre-old Lake (Vosges) also provide
water for cooling towers.

chinonIt’s not just the wine that makes the reputation of the town of Chinon! On
the banks of the Loire, the nuclear power plant was located in the middle of
Natural Park Loire-Anjou-Touraine, 50 km from Tours.

In 2008, she returned with her four PWR reactors of 900 MW over 24 billion kWh.
A unique feature of this building which employs 1281 people is the height of its
cooling towers: they do not exceed 28 meters high.

In October 2002, a report by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has highlighted
the fragility of the reactor cooling system in case of earthquakes exceeding a
magnitude of 4 on the Richter scale.

centrale-choozOn the banks of the Meuse, the Chooz nuclear power station stands between
Charleville-Mezieres (France) and Dinant (Belgium). This site is divided into
two stations: Chooz A and B. The Chooz Chooz Site A is currently being
dismantled. With the first PWR reactor, the plant was discontinued in October
1991. The dismantling is expected to continue until 2020-2025.

The site is Chooz B, meanwhile, has two PWR 1450 MW of power. The first two
units are the precursors of the draft European Pressurized Water Reactor, or EPR.
This new technology should allow for better site security, analysis and rapid
diagnosis.

centrale-civauxAt the heart of Poitou-Charentes, NPP Civaux consists of two units of
electricity production 1500 MW each. According to EDF, they are equipped with
engines, turbines and control rooms the most modern of all the French nuclear
facilities, like the central Ardennes Chooz.

The plant, built on the banks of the Vienne, has a peculiarity: the impressive
size of its cooling towers: they are around 178 m high.

In 2008, the site has produced 21.2 billion kWh in 2004 and has acquired ISO
14001 certification for environmental management.

cruasaaaSpread over an area of 148 hectares on the right bank of the Rhone, the
plant-Cruas Meysse (Ardèche) product through its four reactors of 900 MW PWR
typing each about 500 billion kilowatt-hours since its commissioning in April
1983 . In one year, the site produces about 40% of the electricity consumption
of the Rhone-Alpes.

This site has unfortunately made the headlines with several incidents: in 1999,
an evacuation of staff had been ordered due to radioactive discharges. In 2004,
tritium, a radioactive element, was found in samples taken in the groundwater.

Last failure to date: a cooling problem with one of four reactors in December
2009.

centrale-dampierreIn operation since March 23, 1980, four production units of 900 MW each
generate annually 24 billion KWh of electricity or 5% of national production and
7-10 times the consumption in the Loiret.

This plant has been aging incidents identified by different ratio of the ASN. On
April 2, 2001, an employee has made mishandling caused an unloading of the heart
of the reactor No. 4.

Another highlight: EDF has launched an emergency plan on the night of 9 to 10
April 2007. An emergency generator has helped fuel the reactor No. 3 private
outside its supply system. This failure has claimed for weeks that reactor
shutdown.

centrale-fessenheimAlong the Grand Canal of Alsace, Central Fessenheim locates 20 km north of
the city of Mulhouse. Equipped with two reactors of 900 MW ERP, the site has
occurred in the space of thirty years of activity around 320 billion kWh.

Fessenheim is the oldest site of French nuclear facilities. Two reports ASN
dating from the 70 evaluated his life, safely, at age 40. Yet other plants of
this kind in the world show a very good aging infrastructure and growing further
postponement of closure Fessenheim. A decision that triggers a burst of
anti-nuclear region.

centrale-flamanvillePosted in the shelter of a granite cliff 70 meters high, 30 km south-west of
Cherbourg, near the reprocessing plant at La Hague, Flamanville occupies the
central place of an old iron mine underwater.

Two production units of 1300 MW issue, each year, 18 billion kilowatt hours on
the national grid.

Flamanville should welcome the draft European Pressurized Reactor, or EPR. This
future reactor power 1650 MW unsurpassed should enter service in 2012 but
construction is delayed by two years according to the “Le Figaro in January
2010. This is nothing compared to the site of EPR in Finland which will be four
years late!

centrale-golfechLocated between the towns of Agen and Toulouse on the banks of the Garonne,
the two production units in central Golfech respectively were begun in 1991 and
1994. These pressurized water reactor nuclear power show 1300 MW producing an
average annual 17.08 billion kwh of electricity in 2008. This is equivalent to
the power consumption of the Midi-Pyrenees.

On 13 and 14 June 2003, when the heat wave, the central Golfech rejected for
several hours in the water too hot, is thereby offense.

centrale-gravelinesThird largest producer of nuclear energy in the world, the Gravelines power
plant camped at nearly 20 km from Dunkerque and Calais in the north.

With 6-PWR reactors of 900 MW, this site produces annually an average of 37.6
billion kilowatt-hours is the annual consumption of electricity in the
Nord-Pas-de-Calais.

Gravelines is the second most powerful central Europe, behind Zaporizhia,
Ukraine.

Number of Units: 6

Commissioning: 1985

Production of electricity per year: 38 TWh

Power: 5400 MW

Stop activity planned site: 2020-2025

centrale-nogentThe Nogent-sur-Seine is housed at 110 km southeast of Paris, in
Champagne-Ardennes. The site consists of two production units, each comprising a
nuclear reactor, PWR 1300 MW Cooling towers and a 165 m high.

The central issue of the fourth year in electricity consumption of the
Ile-de-France is 16 billion kWh. The waters of the Seine in good working reactor
coolant.

Several unannounced inspections of the ASN in 2001 highlighted the failure of
the site in terms of fighting against fire. Forty-five minutes were required for
the response team arrives on the scene.

centrale-paluelEmployees of the Central Peluel Norman enjoyed a panorama with views over the
sea Located near Fecamp and Le Havre, the site features four pressurized water
reactors of 1300 MW with an annual production in 2008 of 37 2 billion kWh, about
7% of the total electricity generated by EDF.

The plant has experienced some incidents, the most notable are:

the influx of algae in the filters of the pumping station cooling system driven
by the storm in the Channel 23 June 2004. Result: the reactors were shut down.

centrale-penlyWith 70 hectares munching on the sea, the central Penly could become
operational by 1990. His two ERP reactors generate 1,300 MW between 17 and 20
billion kilowatt hours of electricity to the national grid.

The site Penly 1 and 2 will expand and accommodate Penly 3. In January 2009, EDF
has confirmed the decision to build a second EPR on French soil after the
Flamanville site.

This choice has caused a demand for public debate before the National Commission
which was accepted. He is currently taking place since March 24 and ends July 24
next. If this debate gives birth to a mouse, the construction of the EPR should
start in 2012.

centrale-saint-albanThe St Alban is located in the heart of the Isère, 50 km south of the city of
Lyon. 12% of the electricity consumption of the Rhone-Alps, or 16.5 billion kWh
produced by the two huge reactors PWR located along the Rhone.

The central Golfech not only during the heatwave of 2003 to reject the water too
hot in the river that borders it. The ASN said on its website in August 2003
that the site of St. Alban exceeding the temperature in terms of water discharge
on July 14 of that year.

centrale-saint-laurentLocated on the left bank of the Loire, halfway Orleans and Blois, the
St-Laurent-des-Eaux has two PWR reactors of 900 MW.

Two more reactors are gas-graphite type currently being dismantled which is not
without problems. Indeed, the National Association of Local information hairpin
mismanagement of 2000 tons of graphite shirts in two silos site. These compounds
are highly radioactive.

centrale-tricastin2008: anus horibilis for Tricastin site. In addition to the reported
incidents at the plant, the site located south of the Drome, on the right bank
floodway of the Rhone, had a uranium leak at a tank cleaning.

A subsidiary of Areva, the Socatri, has officially announced that 224 kg of
uranium were overwhelmed and had reached 74 kg and the Lauzon River Gaffiere.

10 plants that are not thirsty

August 18th, 2010

1The great Astrance:
This beautiful perennial is very easy to grow and tolerates drought as the soil
is rich and fresh.

*Scientific name: astrantia Staff
*Soil: limestone
*Hardiness: very good
*Watering: 1 times / week
*Exposure: sun direct

2The palm of China
This palm variety is probably one of the most robust of the genus Chamaerops. It
can be planted from north to south of France.

Scientific name: Chamaerops excelsa
Soil: sand or limestone
Hardiness: very good
Watering: none
Exhibition: direct sun or partial shade

3The butterfly bush

This shrub grows quickly and has a golden floral beauty with its pretty yellow
clusters. Beware, he can not stand temperatures below 8 ° C.

Scientific Name: Buddleia
Soil: sand or limestone
Hardiness: very good
Watering: none
Exposure: sun direct

4The buttercup garden
This perennial blooms from June to September. She disappears mysteriously
reappear for a place to another.

Scientific Name: Lychnis coronaria
Soil: sand or limestone
Hardiness: very good
Watering: none
Exposure: sun direct

5The Hebe
The family Hebes is varied. These small trees like well drained soil and
limestone.
Scientific Name: Hebe
Soil: sand or limestone
Hardiness: good
Watering: none
Exhibition: direct sun or partial shade

6Mimosa
This persistent foliage grows pretty quickly. Remember to periodically remove
seedlings.
Scientific name: Acacia
Soil: sand
Hardiness: good
Watering: none
Exhibition: direct sun or partial shade

7Japanese Maple
This small tree foliage grows slowly enough light. It grows best when sheltered
from the wind and managed a well drained soil.
Scientific name: Acer palmatum ‘Bloodgood’
Soil: sand
Hardiness: very good
Watering: Occasional
Exhibition: direct sun or partial shade

8Cistus
The cysts form rounded clumps and fragrant. They bloom between April and June
and are not afraid poor soil and arid.
Scientific Name: Cistus
Soil: sand or limestone
Hardiness: good
Watering: none
Exposure: sun direct

9Oleander
The oleander fits all drained soil, even chalk. It also resists temperatures
inféireures 6 ° C. for short durations.

Scientific name: Nerium olenader
Soil: sand or limestone
Hardiness: Normal
Watering: none
Exposure: sun direct

10Lavender
Only one size, three times a year is needed to maintain their beautiful shape.

Scientific name: Lavandula
Soil: sand or limestone
Hardiness: very good
Watering: none
Exposure: sun direct

Great Observatories World

August 3rd, 2010

saltSince its commissioning Nov. 10, 2005, SALT (Southern Large Telescope) is the largest optical telescope in the southern hemisphere. Consisting of 91 hexagonal mirrors, with a diameter of 11 m, it can detect a candle on the Moon.

lasillaChile. It is on the plains of La Silla, Chile, 2450 m, the European Southern Observatory (ESO) has implemented 15 telescopes in 1976. That site was chosen in such isolation is not a coincidence: the dust pollution are the worst enemies of astronomers.

paranalParanal. Lost in the desert, the VLT (Very Large Telescopes), were built by ESO between 1998 and 2001. The four telescopes of 8 m in diameter were drilled on the site of Paranal, Chile in the Andes where the dry climate is favorable comments.

keck-subaruHawaii. At 4150 m elevation on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, 7 are installed in Subaru Telescope, left, with the largest mirror room in the world (8 m) and two twin Keck 1 and Keck 2. The sky is clear and dry climate is ideal.

cfhtHawaii. CFHT is one of the telescopes located in Hawaii. It was built in the late 70s, one of the best sites near the summit of Mauna Kea. His special camera can observe a large number of faint objects.

canariesCanary. The observatory is located in the Canary Islands, Mount Roque de los Muchachos at 2400 m altitude, houses the instruments belonging to different European countries with large telescope Spanish, the GTC (Gran Telescopio Canarias).

mmtArizona. MMT (Multiple Mirror Telescope) was established in 1979 in Arizona on Mount Hopkins, to 2600 m. In 1996, its mirrors have been replaced by a single piece of 6.5 m in diameter, hence the name Monolithic Mirror Telescope recent.

areciboPuerto Rico. I mplanté north of Puerto Rico, Arecibo is the world’s largest radio telescope. With its 305 m in diameter, issued in 1974, the first radio message sent by humanity to any other civilizations.

lbtMount Graham. Located at 3170 m altitude on Mount Graham in Arizona, the telescope consists of two identical mirrors of 8.4m diameter. Its light-collecting area is equivalent to that of a single telescope mirror 11.8 m in diameter.

picdumidiPyrenees. From its 2877 m, in the heart of the Pyrenees, the Observatoire du Pic du Midi is a leading figure of French astronomical research. For over a century, scientists studying the Sun, planets, stars and galaxies.

bureSt Martin d’Heres. On the Plateau de Bure (Hautes-Alpes), 2550 m, pushing antennas IRAM (Institute for Millimetre Radio Astronomy St Martin d’Heres). They capture the radiation emitted by the cold gas from which stars form.

sdssNew Mexico. The SDSS (Sloan Digital Sky Survey), New Mexico, should be used to provide a precise celestial atlas. His exceptional pe rformance enable it to produce a catalog of 100,000,000 stars and distant galaxies.

Mars Direct 1: first human on Mars station by 2020

May 16th, 2010

sciences-images80Surveying the Martian surface is no longer a pipe dream. Americans and Europeans are in a race to the red planet. Objective: to build a resort living for humans by 2020.

An initiative that should delight both architects Pierre and Olivier Brulhet Walter, authors of numerous projects including Mars stations Direct 1. Aware of the difficult living conditions in Mars they have developed an optimal and comfortable station for astronauts who occupy it.

sciences-images81Joined in the continuity of the European project, Euro-Mars, Mars Direct could be sent to a Red Planet in 2020.

First, stop on the International Space Station, which lags aging. The modules s’arriment above. The 12 crew will spend several months aboard the ISS.

sciences-images82The two modules of Mars Direct overpowered a great speed to propel the entire ISS-station to Mars the fourth planet of the solar system.

Six months are needed to browse the millions of miles separating Earth from Mars. The ISS will be positioned in orbit around the Red Planet.

sciences-images83The two modules secured to the ISS stand. They must pass through the thin air. It is composed mainly of carbon dioxide.

This phase is the most difficult for the crew. Heat shields can prevent damage to the structure.

sciences-images84The descent phase is completed, each module will be asked to set a specific point on Earth already.

Module 1 is due to arrive around the Caldeira Olympus Mons, the highest peak of the solar system, namely 25 km high.

As in Module 2, point resort is Valles Marineris, a vast canyon of Mars. Maximum depth of 6 km.

sciences-images85Once there, the modules are attached to the ground and spread their different structures.

Both architects Pierre and Olivier Walter Brulhet have reviewed their copy from the Euro-Mars Project (French version). This time, they opted for three sets radial air to release the central space.

sciences-images86Each inflatable portion is:

- An airlock through which the astronauts communicate with the outside.

- A greenhouse for conducting experiments.

- A laboratory where scientists can make the first direct analysis of samples collected on site.

Garage is planned in a Mars Direct project. Quad bikes used to the mobility of astronauts on Mars.

sciences-images87To prepare for any eventuality or accident, the architects have designed an airlock where all the storage areas are inflatable, like him. This site provides access to the outside via a ramp. He also serves as storage of samples and reduced output devices such as Mars combinations.

sciences-images88As we can see in the image synthesis, the astronauts will reach the bottom level 2 space station through a staircase located in the local distribution.

sciences-images89Brulhet Pierre and Olivier Walter designed the second floor of the station, a place to live multifunction. They have provided a maximum of comfort for the crew: armchairs, private office, large dining table …

The architects were optimized to maximize the space so that the astronauts do not suffer from a small area on Mars.

sciences-images90To gain maximum space in the flexible volume, the two architects were cunning. Office, living room but also to eat, he must keep all equipment in a confined and rather small. For the vast dining table, the architects have designed a mechanism for raising and lowering the ceiling. Ingenious, no?

sciences-images91In this synthetic image, we can see the distribution of the different areas of focus:

- On the left, the salon, more soberly called the “sitting room”.

- In the center, the staircase that allows access to level 1 to the laboratory, the chamber and the greenhouse.

- On the right, the kitchen.

sciences-images92To work and communicate with Earth, the architects have developed individual work box, as we can see from this simulation.

Via scales, the occupants will have access to level three of the station. It includes bedrooms and storage facilities.

sciences-images93Each crew member has their own crib with cherry on the cake, a view of the multi-purpose module.

sciences-images94Mars Direct is a project that combines both functionality than comfort. Architects can not skimp on a habitat that people are busy for months.

Images of Iron

May 11th, 2010

sciences-images62 The cathedrals of steel industry worldwide:

Alain Pras has traveled the world for 30 years for photographing plants and industrial landscapes. Photos that have enabled him to publish a book and opened his gallery “Images of iron. Here, blast furnace Hayange, Lorraine, a symbol of the French steel industry.

sciences-images63Coils of steel on the departure:

On the Fos sur Mer (Bouches-du-Rhone), owned by ArcelorMittal, are made of flat steel, mainly used by the automotive industry. The plates from 1.5 to 22 mm thick are “wrapped” coils of 20 tons, which will be shipped to end customers.

sciences-images64 In anticipation of the departure to Hong Kong:

This photo was taken from the top of a huge building where goods are stored from all over China by truck. The goods are then placed in
containers before being shipped by boat or airplane in the world.

sciences-images65Spheres for storing gas giant:

The Etang de Berre is a mecca for the petrochemical industry. This place focuses indeed third of national hydrocarbon production and the Bouches-du-Rhone has 40 institutions under the Seveso Directives.

sciences-images66An open pit mine in Germany:

This huge excavator 240 m long and as tall as a 30-story
building can clear 240,000 tons of lignite per day, a sedimentary rock that
contains 50-80% carbon. The conveyor belt at the bottom of the craft carries the
ore to the nearby power plant.

sciences-images67Chain of Chinese cars:

More than 200,000 cars each year out of assembly line plant
in Nanjing in China. Nanjing Automobile is the oldest Chinese carmaker. It was
acquired in 2005 the assets of the UK group MG Rover for an amount of 53 million
pounds.

sciences-images68Tons of recycled yarn:

This photo was taken in 2008 in the steel Gandrange, who died
in March 2009. Rolls of wire do not comply are cut before being reintroduced
with other scrap in the manufacturing process.

sciences-images69It is activated in the Baltic:

The towering cranes of the port of Klaipeda, Lithuania, load
and unload tons of fertilizer tirelessly. Ideally located on the Baltic Sea,
Klaipeda is the starting point of raw materials from Russia. The port has seen
pass 30 million tones of cargo in 2008.

sciences-images70The plastic in the heart of metal:

This gigantic maze of steel pipes is one of the largest
plants in the world of plastic resins used to manufacture polystyrene. The site
belongs to Total Petrochemical USA, is located in Carville, the United States.

sciences-images71Infirmary TGV:

The Technicentre SNCF Lyon TGV maintenance was inaugurated in
2009. It is designed to cope with the increased number of trains and will
address in particular the line Rhine-Rhone, whose commissioning is scheduled for
2011.

sciences-images72In the land of Tata Steel:

Jamshedpur, in the north-east India, is nicknamed "City of
Steel". It is the cradle of the Tata empire and the first industrialized city in
Indian history. The giant steel mill is located in the heart of the city,
chimneys emerging above the houses.

sciences-images73The long road to the sea:

In Saint-Nazaire, all roads lead to the sea warehouses and
factories succeed in the port, mainly dedicated to the import of fruit and food
for livestock and grain exports , oil and chilled products.

sciences-images74A monster of red steel for unloading containers:

On the docks of Shanghai, this porch is ZPMC maneuver. ZPMC
is the leading global manufacturer of port equipment. One of these gates can
unload up to 100 containers per hour, is the most efficient in the world.

sciences-images75Half German, half-Chinese:

This huge petrochemical complex, located near Nanjing, China,
is a joint venture between the German group BASF and Sinopec. It covers nearly
220 hectares (the equivalent of two thirds of a city like Bordeaux) for an
annual capacity of 1.7 million tons of chemicals.

sciences-images76The storm rages on the refinery:

This landscape of tangled pipes contrast with the many
windmills that account Denmark. The Kalundborg refinery is the largest in the
country, with an annual capacity of 5 million tones of gasoline and other
petroleum products.

sciences-images77Slump:

This train of oil were discharged in the port of Kaliningrad.
He returns empty in Russia via Lithuania and Belarus. Kaliningrad is a Russian
enclave sandwiched between Poland and Lithuania. It is at the heart of
geopolitical friction since the breakup of the Soviet Union.

sciences-images78Louisiana Manufacturing acid:

The plant Uncle Sam, the Mosaic Company, USA, produces
potash, nitrogen and phosphate. It also recycles sulfur from refineries located
on the banks of the Mississippi between New Orleans and Baton Rouge.

sciences-images79A thermal power plant on the banks of the Loire:

In business since 1970, this power plant located Cordemais
works in oil and coal. This is the biggest French site thermal generation: in
2006 it produced 5.3 TWh, or 30% of the power consumption of Pays de la Loire.

The Hubble: Head in the stars

May 9th, 2010

sciences-images42Hubble: 20 years head in the stars:

Put into orbit April 24, 1990, Hubble reveals the past 20 years, the wonders of the universe like the Carina Nebula shown above.

sciences-images43Sky Disc:

Without the initiation of Hubble, astronomers would surely missed magnificent galaxies like the Black Eye or Sleeping Beauty.

sciences-images44Mosaic color:

This image is one of the most famous of Hubble, it is the
famous Crab Nebula.

sciences-images45Halo:

The telescope has not lost a U.S. crumb of the explosion of the super giant star V838 Monocerotis January 6, 2002.

sciences-images46Galaxy Ultra Slim:

This photograph of galaxy spiral is a marvel of photography. The concentric waves of dust around the galactic core.

sciences-images47Luminous rings of Saturn:

Excels in Hubble images of planets. Here we see the rings of Saturn.

sciences-images48X-rays:

The Hubble launch was originally planned in 1986 but was postponed following the accident of space shuttle Challenger occurred the same year.

sciences-images49Look them in the eyes!

The Hubble telescope is moving at 600 km altitude and performs around the Earth every 100 minutes. Here, the famous Eye Nebula Cat.

sciences-images50Birth of stars by thousands:

Hubble is equipped with an armada of instruments to make beautiful cliches like that of a region where stars are born not thousands.

sciences-images51A Patchwork Universe:

The telescope is equipped with a photometer, 2 spectrographs, mirrors, reflectors and also photographs of two rooms. With this technology, Hubble provides an enchanting face of the Universe.

sciences-images52A multicolored spirograph:

The Spirograph Nebula shown above is named after the famous drawing tool cyclical.

sciences-images53Full circle!

With its 4.2 meter diameter telescope Hubble is not missed this loop of the Swan.

sciences-images54Deploying wings luminueses:

ESA has strongly collaborated with NASA to develop a telescope of such precision that can provide photographs as sharp and colorful than the Lagoon Nebula.

sciences-images55A nocturnal insect:

Nearly five interventions on the Hubble telescope were necessary to recalibrate the instruments. This pemret to get new designs like the Butterfly Nebula.

sciences-images56Heavenly Union:

There is here the heart of the Southern Crab Nebula. It looks like two beautiful rings of fire intertwined.

sciences-images57A spiral that is worth gold:

Hubble has cost a whopping $ 2 billion dollars. With that, he can make beautiful pictures like the galxie spiral NGC 1365.

sciences-images58Open arms:

The arms of the galaxy NGC 4622 invite you to a galactic journey. This galaxy lies in the constellation Centaurus, 200 million light years.

sciences-images59Clusters of galactic dust:

Hubble has been a final fitness in 2009. NASA will replace the telescope in 2014. Above: release of gas and dust of the Cone Nebula.

sciences-images60An explosion of stars:

James Webb Space Telescope is the successor of official Hubble. It will give such beautiful clcihes Hubble. Here we see the direct death of a star.

sciences-images61Eagle approach:

It ends with one of the most beautiful pictures taken by Hubble: the Eagle Nebula.

The sky month of April,2010

May 7th, 2010

sciences-images24The ashen light of the moon is observable from April 15 to 18. The positions of the planets are accurate April 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images25Heaven March 2010

The ashen light of the moon is observable from March 17 to 21. The precise positions of the planets are March 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images26The sky in February 2010
Valentine’s Day will be celebrated, for love, under a new moon, February 14 at 2:51. The precise positions of the planets are February 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images27The sky of January 2010
The ashen light of the moon is observed from 17 to 21. The precise positions of the planets are January 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images28The sky in December 2009
Geminid shooting stars are observable until 17, with their maximum 14. The positions of the planets are accurate December 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images29The sky in November 2009
The ashen light of the moon is observable in the morning of 11 to 14. The precise positions of the planets are November 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images30The sky in October 2009:From October 11 to 14, you can see the moon ash. The precise positions of the planets are October 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images31The sky in September 2009: On 18 September, the New Moon will appear to 6:44 p.m.. The precise positions of the planets are September 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images32The sky in August 2009: The precise positions of the planets are August 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images33The sky in July 2009:The Full Moon is expected before 1 am, July 6. The precise positions of the planets are July 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images34The sky in June 2009: A beautiful full moon will occur on 7. The precise positions of the planets are June 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images35The sky in May 2009: A beautiful full moon will occur on May 9 at 4:00 am. The precise positions of the planets are May 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images36The sky in April 2009: A beautiful full moon is expected on April 9. The precise positions of the planets are April 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images37The sky in March 2009: The full moon will be at the rendezvous at 2:38 am March 11 min. The precise positions of the planets are March 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images38The sky in February 2009: A lunar eclipse in the penumbra is scheduled on February 9 but it will not be visible in France. The precise positions of the planets are February 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images39The sky of January 2009: The precise positions of the planets are January 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images40Sky of December 2008: The December sky will be outstanding with the observation of meteor maxima 6 (minimum) and the occultation of Venus by the Moon. The positions of the planets are accurate December 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

sciences-images41The sky in November 2008: The new moon will occur exactly at 4:55 p.m. on November 27. The precise positions of the planets are November 15 to 22 hours in Paris (48 ° 51 N, 2 ° 20 east longitude).

The sharp eye of the telescope WISE

May 5th, 2010

scinces-imagesThe WISE telescope, launched into orbit Dec. 14, 2009, photograph here cluster Berkeley 59. Stars are born in this cloud of dust and very hot mature out of it. They appear in blue on the image.

scinces-images1Photo taken in infrared by the WISE reveals a cloud where stars are forming. It is invaded by dust, gas and young stars. This star cluster called NGC 3603.

scinces-images2No, it’s not Superman that passes before the goal of WISE, but it is indeed a comet called C/2007 Q3. It was discovered in 2007 by observers in Australia.

scinces-images3The Fornax galaxy cluster is located 60 million light-years from Earth. In this picture, we see a dozen distinct component of bright galaxies and hundreds of smaller ones.

scinces-images4This photograph shows the light emitted by the cloud that diffuses out of the Andromeda galaxy. The infrared detectors at WISE that has captured here the wavelengths close to 1 to 2 microns. Andromeda is 2.5 million light years from us.

scinces-images5The first image taken by the Hubble WISE in the region of Carina. It shows hundreds of stars included in an area three times larger than the moon.

scinces-images6Superb map the whole sky. At the center, flat line corresponds to our galaxy, the Milky Way.

scinces-images7Incredible photography from the heart of our galaxy, the Milky Way, taken by WISE. This telescope gives you a much better image definition.

scinces-images8The constellation Cassiopeia contains a nebula called “the heart of the nebula” or IC 1805. It is 6000 light years from Earth.

scinces-images9The telescope WISE immortalized by the star cluster NGC 7380 located in the constellation Cepheus, approximately 7,000 light years from Earth. This cluster is embedded in a nebula that extends from 110 light years.

The American view of the sky

May 3rd, 2010

sciences-images817 times as large as France, bathed by two oceans and crossed five time zones, the U.S. is the country of excess. Aerial photography by Jim Wark was published by White Star delivers a breathtaking view of the treasures of this vast territory. Here, Niagara Falls, Canadian side of the border.

sciences-images9The American landscape are not confined to giant cities and natural parks: each state has its own charm and reveal their splendor. Here, an Amish farm in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

sciences-images10The spectacular rocky desert of Monument Valley is located in southern Utah and northern Arizona. It is part of a reservation of Navajo Indians on the Colorado Plateau.

sciences-images11The Navajo were given evocative names to most of the buttes, mesas and rock formations that stand isolated on these desert lands. In the foreground, Yei Bi Chai ones (”places of healing” in Navajo.)

sciences-images12Mountain Lake almost inaccessible in the Glacier National Park in the Montana border and Canada. The park has a string of summits which only 130 are named and practicable.

sciences-images13The Kootenai River has the same name of an Indian tribe. It runs through British Columbia, Canada, and Montana and Idaho, before returning to his steps. The small canals that surround testify spring flooding related to melting of snow.

sciences-images14The state of Vermont, north of the east coast, is definitely green. Its height is also nicknamed the “Green Mountains” (Green Mountains). Its terrain is conducive to the formation of lakes and smaller isolated ponds.

sciences-images15Yellowstone National Park is famous for its geysers and hot springs. The yellow color of its sandy beaches is the origin of its name.

sciences-images16The vertical formations are Half Dome and El Capitan in Yosemite National Park.

sciences-images17Contradicting these rocky highlands, the lowlands of the Mississippi Delta region are composed of marshes melt into the lagoon. If mounted imporant water, these landscapes are the first to disappear.

sciences-images18Here, Washington DC, the U.S. capital, in the foreground the Capitol (Congress of the United States.)

sciences-images19In Miami, the must is to have a home enjoys easy access to the sea city has therefore built along the coast. The towers, they are appreciated for their dominant view.

sciences-images20Loaded with a special symbolic value, the Statue of Liberty retains the grace and dignity of classic greek statues which the designer was inspired by Auguste Bartholdi.

sciences-images21These large flat buildings framed by parking lots look like when viewed from above, at an industrial site. It is actually the attractions at Epcot Center, one of the parks that make up Disney World, Florida.

sciences-images22Orlando’s theme parks have become the premier tourist destination … For some, it’s hard to believe as the similar nature, in the natural park of the Everglades, Florida, offers attractions.

sciences-images23The Great Salt Lake, located in Utah near Salt Lake City, covers an area of over 4400 square km. Its salinity is greater than that of seawater, the swimmers will float very easily.

What’s new on your PC

May 3rd, 2010

sciences-imagesBlu-Ray, SSD, 64-bit … Already ready, these technologies will be deployed on all computers soon. Should we wait to be equipped?
USB 3

On the occasion of CES 2010, many manufacturers have announced products that are compatible with USB 3 Seagate and Western Digital. USB 3 promises to deliver data rates 4-5 times faster than USB 2.

USB is limited in its version 2 transfer rates of 480 Mbit / s theoretical. But the volume now kept on computer (several tens to hundreds of GB) are constantly increasing.

It was not until 2011 however that USB 3 is required. Indeed, Intel does not integrate it into its chipsets motherboard before that date. Note that USB 2 is not compatible with the USB 3 (but the USB 3 will be backward-compatible) will therefore change the motherboard or expansion cards of hope.

sciences-images1Is almost a certainty now. The ray Blu-ray store has expanded and now equal to the ray DVD movies. Even for software, Blu-ray makes sense because of the limitations of the DVD storage (9GB for double layer, cons 25-50 GB for Blu-ray).

However, some programs now operating on two or three DVDs. Similarly, storage media, the DVD is not enough to put his personal files. For all these reasons, and because the price of Blu-ray has fallen below 100 euros, this format will democratize on computers.

Is the price of drives is still high, between 150 and 300 euros.

sciences-images2LCD TVs and monitors are now set on the image format 1080p (1920 x 1080 pixels). This format extends the world of computers, and off the screen change that requires (often 23 or 24 inches at least), it requires the latest equipment.

As the video stream is more complex to treat, there should be a modern graphics card (at 80-120 euros). On the other hand, the HDMI connection allows the use of an LCD monitor as a TV. But to do so, you need a graphics card with this type of interface.

sciences-images3Although still a minority in the currently 64-bit architectures becoming common. What do we talk? Our current computer architectures are based on memory address encoded in 32 bits. But this technology limits the management of the RAM to 4 GB in quantity.

However, current applications increasingly approaching that limit. 64-bit systems are ready (Windows 7), but the step means leaving aside the old devices are only compatible with 32-bit systems.

The software drivers and hardware are different between 32 and 64 bit architectures. That is why manufacturers delay the moment of migration. But it is almost inevitable, and will intervene massively either Windows 7 or later on under his successor (in 2013).

sciences-images4In the short term, the SSD will not become and replace hard drives. However, the manufacturers are now considering as a complementary solution.

The price of the 32GB hard drive is between 100 and 150 euros now, thereby placing them on high-end configurations first. The DSS offers an access time much lower than conventional hard drives with flash memory.

On the other hand, they are considered more reliable. They could therefore be used to store data in the operating system to improve responsiveness in the first place. For if the 256GB SSD already exist, their price is too high (over 600 euros) for their widespread use.

sciences-images5DDR3 is just beginning to spread on midrange computers. His prices were lowered, but also its capabilities have improved.

There are now memories clocked at 2 GHz to 2.4 GHz, 800 MHz cons for DDR2. The timings, ie the availability of memory arrays are also much better. There are, for example at 2 GHz with 8-8-8-24 Corsair.

However, for 6 GB of DDR3 2 Ghz, it will cost you between 350 and 400 euros today. But to 4GB of DDR3 to 1.2 GHz, count around 120 euros. This is still twice as expensive as DDR2, but costs continue to decline.

sciences-images6More conventional but nonetheless inevitable, stop support for older operating systems will force users buying new hardware, or downloading new software, change their computer.

Indeed, from Windows XP to Windows 7, the hardware recommendations climb: the dedicated graphics card with 128 MB is required, 2 GB RAM is preferable, and a 1.6 GHz dual core processor at least is recommended.

Linux and Mac OS X are also involved, but to a lesser extent. Their GUIs are generally lighter and reagents.

sciences-images7This should be fairly insensitive at first, but it will probably win the field with future models.

Manufacturers of processors, namely Intel and AMD are currently working to combine processor and graphics card to improve the effectiveness of 3D calculations.

Today, graphics chipsets are integrated into the motherboard. By moving the 3D calculations on the processor, it could save time and efficiency. However, the rendering multiply with new interfaces (including Aero in Windows 7).

This development will not, at least initially, to spend dedicated graphics cards, much more efficient. But it will speed up some simple treatments.